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EVIDENCE & RESEARCH POLICY
Research, with its limits.
Historical primary literature is provided for research context. References do not qualify a product, current lot, safety, efficacy or human use.
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HISTORICAL PRIMARY LITERATURE / 2015
Tripeptide-copper complex GHK-Cu (II) transiently improved healing outcome in a rat model of ACL reconstruction
Sai-Chuen Fu, Yau-Chuk Cheuk, Wai-Yin Vivien Chiu, Shu-Hang Yung, Christer G. Rolf, Kai-Ming Chan
Publication
Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2015
Identifiers
DOI 10.1002/jor.22831 / PMID 25731775
Experimental context
animal in vivo; randomized experimental study. 72 rats were randomized across saline and two GHK-Cu groups; outcomes were evaluated at 6 and 12 weeks.
Research question and reported result
Question: Does GHK-Cu alter graft healing after ACL reconstruction? Design: 72 rats were randomized to saline or GHK-Cu groups and assessed at 6 or 12 weeks. At 6 weeks, treated groups had lower knee laxity and the lower-concentration group had higher graft stiffness. By 12 weeks, laxity differences were absent; ultimate load, gait, and histology did not differ.
Limitations
Rat surgical model; this does not establish human clinical outcomes, safety, or relevance to other administration routes.
Findings were transient and limited to selected mechanical endpoints; several measured outcomes did not differ between groups.
Study findings do not establish efficacy, safety, purity, identity, equivalence, or availability of any RUO or commercial product.
HISTORICAL PRIMARY LITERATURE / 2023
MOTS-c Serum Concentration Positively Correlates with Lower-Body Muscle Strength and Is Not Related to Maximal Oxygen Uptake—A Preliminary Study
Remigiusz Domin, Michał Pytka, Mikołaj Żołyński, Jan Niziński, Marcin Rucinski, Przemysław Guzik, Jacek Zieliński, Marek Ruchała
Publication
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023
Identifiers
DOI 10.3390/ijms241914951 / PMID 37834399
Experimental context
human observational; post-hoc cross-sectional analysis. Resting serum MOTS-c was measured alongside countermovement-jump tests, body-composition assessment, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing to exhaustion. MOTS-c was not administered.
Research question and reported result
Question: Is circulating MOTS-c associated with muscle strength or endurance? Design: A post-hoc cross-sectional analysis of 20 healthy, physically active adults measured resting serum MOTS-c, jump tests, body composition, and peak VO₂. Higher MOTS-c correlated with muscle mass and lower-body jump force/power, but not peak VO₂ or body-fat percentage; no peptide was administered.
Limitations
Small post-hoc cohort (n=20; 17 men and 3 women), no control group, and high within-subject variability; associations do not establish causation.
Serum ELISA measurements and no muscle biopsies or intervention limit interpretation of tissue source and direction of effect.
Study findings do not establish efficacy, safety, purity, identity, equivalence, or availability of any RUO or commercial product.
HISTORICAL PRIMARY LITERATURE / 1997
BPC 157's effect on healing
S Seiwerth, P Sikiric, Z Grabarevic, I Zoricic, M Hanzevacki, D Ljubanovic, V Coric, P Konjevoda, M Petek, R Rucman, B Turkovic, D Perovic, D Mikus, S Jandrijevic, M Medvidovic, T Tadic, B Romac, J Kos, J Peric, Z Kolega
Publication
Journal of Physiology-Paris, 1997
Identifiers
DOI 10.1016/S0928-4257(97)89480-6 / PMID 9403790
Experimental context
animal in vivo; three rat models. Endpoints included granulation tissue and collagen formation, angiogenesis, and tensile-strength development.
Research question and reported result
Question: Does BPC-157 affect healing-related endpoints? Design: Rat skin-incision, colon-colon anastomosis, and sponge-implantation angiogenesis models assessed granulation tissue, collagen/reticulin, vessels, and tensile strength. The PubMed abstract reports significant treated-control differences across experiments, interpreted by the authors as support for healing involvement; no human participants or clinical outcomes were studied.
Limitations
Evidence in this paper is limited to experimental rat models; it does not establish human efficacy or safety.
The accessible PubMed abstract does not report sample sizes or effect estimates, limiting precision appraisal from this record.
Study findings do not establish efficacy, safety, purity, identity, equivalence, or availability of any RUO or commercial product.
